
The Valencian region has a rich diversity of protected natural areas, such as wetlands, coastal mountain ranges, archipelagos and river mouths, which play a crucial role in biodiversity conservation. These areas are critical ecosystems facing significant pressures from climate change, urban expansion and ineffective management due to institutional fragmentation and lack of coordination between different levels of government and other actors involved in their management.
Lead Oscar Barberà Aresté:
“Policy making in Spain is very reactive:
there is a problem, let’s find a solution”
Problem statement
The central challenge in the management of wetlands and other coastal natural areas in the Valencian Community lies in the creation of integrated governance schemes that facilitate coordination between key actors, such as public administrations, local entities, non-governmental organizations, economic sectors and civil society.
The wetlands studied will be: Prat de Cabanes-Torreblanca, l’Albufera, the Marjal de Pego-Oliva, the Hondo, Salinas de Santa Pola and Lagunas de la Mata and Torrevieja.
Impact
The long-term impact of the BGG project is to promote governance reforms across Europe towards new schemes that connect land and sea uses, considering societal preferences and scientific predictions on major global environmental challenges.
In the case of the Valencian Community, the aim is to contribute to the creation of a more sustainable and inclusive wetland governance model in the Valencian Community.
In the long term, the project is expected to influence the formulation of public policies that improve the resilience of wetlands to climate and environmental challenges, fostering inter-institutional collaboration and the use of nature-based solutions. It also promotes active community participation and the use of innovative approaches to environmental protection.
This governance model has the potential to be replicated in other contexts, creating a positive impact beyond the regional level, promoting sustainable economic and social development in coastal areas.
Workshops
Workshop 1
Exploring governance and climate vulnerabilities
Workshop 2
Vulnerability assessment
Valencian community - Workshop 1
Workshop 1 was the first participatory phase of the Blue Green Governance (BGG) case study in the Valencian Community, focusing on six protected coastal wetlands: Prat de Cabanes–Torreblanca, L’Albufera, Marjal de Pego-Oliva, El Hondo, Salinas de Santa Pola, and Lagunas de la Mata y Torrevieja.
Participants
The workshop brought together representatives from public administration, academia, civil society, NGOs, and economic sectors to identify the main environmental pressures, governance barriers, and adaptation needs affecting these wetland systems.
Objective
The objective was to jointly assess vulnerabilities and governance gaps while laying the foundation for scenario-building in later workshops.
Main climate and environmental pressures
- Salinization emerged as one of the most critical threats: it is driven by seawater intrusion and aquifer over-exploitation and directly affects biodiversity, agriculture (especially rice cultivation), and freshwater availability.
- Urban expansion, tourism, and infrastructure development causes loss of wetlands, habitat fragmentation and disruption of sediment flows and hydrological systems.
- Pollution and eutrophication are intensified by: Nutrient runoff from agriculture; outdated wastewater systems; microplastics, pharmaceuticals, and pathogens entering water systems.
Other pressures mentioned are:
- Rising temperatures
- Sea-level rise
- Coastal erosion
- Salinization and marine intrusion
- Extreme weather events
- Water scarcity and groundwater over-extraction
- Pollution from agriculture and wastewater discharge
- Habitat fragmentation and invasive species
Key vulnerabilities
Participants assessed six dimensions of vulnerability:
Most critical vulnerabilities
- Subsistence and survival: Strong dependence on stable hydrological conditions and high vulnerability for irrigation systems, rice farming, and water security
- Environmental distribution: High vulnerability due to salinization, pollution, biodiversity loss, and unequal access to ecosystem services
- Political agency: Governance fragmentation and weak coordination seen as major structural vulnerabilities
Additional vulnerabilities
- Social dimension: Risks to cultural heritage, local identity, and community resilience
- Financial capacities. Mixed views: EU restoration funding seen as an opportunity; limited local capacity to absorb and implement funding remains problematic.
- Autonomy and innovation: Seen less as a vulnerability and more as an opportunity through combining traditional ecological knowledge with nature-based solutions (NBS)
Important insight
- Climate change acts as a multiplier of existing human pressures, reinforcing the need for integrated watershed and coastal governance rather than isolated environmental management.
Main governance challenges
Fragmented implementation
Despite strong legal protection frameworks (Ramsar Convention, Natura 2000, Natural Park legislation), implementation remains highly fragmented.
- Fragmentation between land and sea management
- Poor coordination across administrative levels
- Local, regional, national, and EU competences often overlap
- Regulatory rigidity: Limits adaptive management and rapid response
- Underuse of scientific knowledge and digital tools
- Weak integration of hydrological basin governance
- Chronic underfunding and limited staffing
- Political discontinuity: Changes in government often interrupt long-term planning and implementation
- Participatory structures such as Juntas Rectoras exist, but their effectiveness varies significantly and often lacks real decision-making power.
How can scientific knowledge improve governance?
- Scientific collaboration with universities and research institutions is already important for: Wetland monitoring, Hydraulic modelling, Aquifer protection, Prevention of seawater intrusion and Ecosystem restoration planning
- Stakeholders stressed that the problem is not lack of science, but lack of integration
Main barriers
- Research is often used only during crises
- Institutional silos prevent knowledge transfer
- Scientific results are not translated into practical governance tools
- Communication toward policymakers and the public remains weak
Opportunity
- Traditional irrigation systems and local ecological knowledge can complement scientific expertise and strengthen resilience.
Role of digital and e-governance tools
Opportunities
- Monitoring and early warning systems
- Hydraulic simulations
- Advanced cartography
- Environmental sensors
- Digital ecosystem models
- Real-time environmental monitoring
- Citizen participation platforms
- AI-supported data viewers and groundwater logging apps
Main limitations
- Many tools remain pilot projects
- Platforms are underused, outdated, or poorly promoted
- Lack of systematic evaluation mechanisms
- Governance remains reactive rather than predictive
Valencian community - Workshop 2
The second workshop focused on identifying the main vulnerabilities affecting the coastal wetlands of the Valencian Community, with particular attention to climate change, water stress, governance fragmentation, and socio-economic pressures. Discussions explored how environmental degradation and institutional challenges interact, and what this means for the long-term resilience of these wetland systems.
1. Assessment of environmental vulnerabilities
Participants reviewed the impacts of rising temperatures, sea-level rise, salinisation, drought, water scarcity, habitat fragmentation, invasive species, and coastal erosion across wetlands such as Albufera, El Hondo, Marjal de Pego-Oliva, and Prat de Cabanes-Torreblanca. Water quality and quantity emerged as the most critical concerns.
2. Discussion of socio-economic pressures
Agriculture, tourism, urban expansion, and dependence on traditional economic activities were identified as both pressures and essential supports for wetland survival. Stakeholders stressed that ecological decline would directly affect farming, fisheries, hunting, and local livelihoods, increasing social and economic vulnerability.
3. Review of governance challenges
Governance fragmentation, weak institutional coordination, insufficient funding, and rigid regulations were highlighted as major barriers to effective wetland management. Participants noted that consultation processes are often symbolic, with limited influence for local actors, landowners, and productive sectors.
4. Recognition of connected territorial systems
Stakeholders emphasized that wetlands cannot be managed as isolated protected areas. Rivers, aquifers, agriculture, coastal zones, and surrounding urban areas must be treated as interconnected socio-ecological systems requiring integrated land-sea planning and adaptive management.
5. Framing future resilience pathways
The workshop concluded that future planning should move beyond reactive conservation and focus on long-term resilience through stronger governance, better science-policy integration, and balanced solutions that combine ecological restoration with local economic and social needs.








